Anatomy

The Acromioclavicular (AC) joint is located at the end of the clavicle (collar bone) at the top of the shoulder.

It is a common site for arthritis (wear and tear)- It should be noted that most people will not have any symptoms even if the condition is seen on an X-ray or scan.

What are the signs and symptoms?

Pain is felt in the region of the joint. This is usually a dull pain at night, which is made worse by lying on that side. Sharp pain is felt when reaching overhead, particularly at the top of the reach. Symptoms of rotator cuff pain may also be experienced.

How is the diagnosis made?

The clinician will listen to the description of events and examine the shoulder. X-Rays will also be taken to exclude the shoulder joint as a cause of the problem. Injections of local anaesthetic into the tissues near the joint (the sub-acromial bursa) or the joint itself may be used.

What is the initial treatment?

The initial treatment depends on the symptoms. If the symptoms are purely related to the ACJ an injection of steroid may be beneficial. This may be accompanied by physiotherapy.

If the symptoms are from both the rotator cuff and the ACJ then steroid injections along with physiotherapy may be used for both of these sites.

What if the initial treatment fails?

If the symptoms do not improve then it may be necessary to surgically remove the joint. This is typically done using the arthroscope.

Arthroscopic AC Joint Excision

Anaesthetic

General Anaesthetic with an interscalene block (Fully asleep with a local anaesthetic injection into the side of the neck will numb the nerves to the shoulder for post-operative pain relief)

Operation type

Arthroscopic – 3 0.5cm incisions, one at the back, one at the side and one at the front of the shoulder

Procedure

The gleno-humeral (shoulder) joint will be inspected first followed by the subacromial bursa and the rotator cuff. A soft tissue shaving device will be used to clear any scar tissue away. A bone-shaving device will be used to shape the underside of the acromion (the bone at the top of the shoulder) and remove any excess bone. (This is the subacromial decompression). The same shaver will then be used to remove the acromioclavicular joint and the outer and of the clavicle.

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Wound Closure

Small butterfly paper stitches will be used to close the wounds. 

Tegaderm waterproof dressings will be placed over the top of the paper stitches.

Pain relief

The anaesthetist will discuss a nerve block which will be administered after you are asleep, this means that you will wake up with no pain in the shoulder but the arm will feel numb for up to 12 hours. You will be prescribed painkillers to start taking when you get home and we encourage you to take these regularly for at least the first few days. There will be some discomfort but this settles quite rapidly and ice packs can be used in addition if you wish.

Wound care

The dressings will be changed before you go home and these can be left alone until they are removed. Typically they can be removed 10 days after surgery just by peeling them off and you do not need to visit the doctor for this.

The dressings are showerproof and you will be given some spares in case they start to peel off.

Rehabilitation after surgery

You will wake up with a sling on your arm. This can be removed as soon as you are comfortable, typically the next day.

You should try to use the arm as normally as possible, there will be some pain, particularly above shoulder height but you should not worry about this.

Surgical Risks

Every operation has a degree of risk. It is important that you are aware of these risks before you agree to proceed with your operation.
If you decide not to proceed with surgery there is a possibility that the symptoms will settle on their own but they may continue and they may get worse. You will not damage the shoulder if you decide not to proceed with surgery. 

The most common or significant risks are outlined below. A risk of 0.1% means that 1 in 1000 people will suffer the complication 

• Failure of the procedure to relieve symptoms: 5% 
• Superficial Infection (requiring antibiotics): 0.16% 
• Deep Infection (requiring further surgery): 0.02% 
• PE (Pulmonary Embolus) (Blood clot in the lung): 0.13% – Blood thinning medication is required for several months. Can rarely result in death. 
• DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) (Blood clot in the leg): 0.14% – Blood thinning medication is required for several months. Can lead to PE 
• Nerve Injury: 0.01% – Usually temporary. Can cause weakness around the shoulder with loss of function and rarely can be permanent. 
• Heart attack: 0.02%
  
• To put these numbers in perspective
  The chance of:
  • Getting three balls in the UK national lottery: 0.9%
  • Needing emergency treatment in the next year after being injured by a can, bottle, or jar: 0.1% 
  • Death by an accident at home: 0.01%
  • For a 50 year old man in good health the 5 year risk of dying is 0.8%
    

Frequently asked questions

Return to work after surgery

This is very much dependent on the type of work that you do, whether you need to drive to get to work and the type of surgery that you have had done.

You, as the patient, have the best idea of the specific demands that are required of you to do your work safely and effectively.

Having an operation with an anaesthetic often takes more out of people than they would expect. Generally it is probably worth taking at least a week off from your regular work after having had any procedure.

You should discuss expected post-operative recovery and work with the surgeon before your operation.

Driving after surgery

To be able to drive safely you should be capable of actively moving your shoulder without assistance and without damaging the surgical repair. You should be able to react normally to avoid causing injury to yourself or others due to a lack of control.

Typically this is a no more than 2 weeks after surgery.

It is a UK requirement that, unless specific dispensation has been granted by the DVLA, a driver uses both arms to control the steering wheel.

It is the responsibility of the driver to ensure that they are in control of the vehicle at all times. They should be able to demonstrate this if stopped by the police.

It is not a requirement to notify the DVLA unless the medical conditions likely to affect safe driving persist for longer than three months after the date of the surgery.

Drivers must not drive under the influence of narcotic medications or within a minimum of 24 hours after an anaesthetic.

Although it is not essential, it may be wise to discuss your return to driving with your car insurance company.

Sports after surgery

You can start simple cardio such as walking or using a static bicycle immediately following surgery. Exercises which involve the shoulder can start as soon as you feel comfortable. Typically this is a few weeks but it may take 5 months or more for high demand overhead sports (swimming, tennis etc to return to normal)